Ocular surface disturbances after laser refractive surgery Review article
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Published:
Dec 31, 2023
Keywords:
laser in situ keratomileusis, photorefractive keratectomy, ocular surface, dry eye disease, neurotrophic keratopathy, minimally invasive lenticule extraction
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Abstract
Most patients undergoing laser refractive surgery demonstrate transient and mild symptoms of dry eye disease. The article presents the main mechanisms involved in dry eye disease after the most frequently performed laser vision correction methods. Differences in the occurrence of dry eye disease between flap, surface procedures and minimally invasive lenticule extraction were highlighted.
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1.
Wierzbowska J. Ocular surface disturbances after laser refractive surgery. Ophthatherapy [Internet]. 2023Dec.31 [cited 2024Apr.27];10(4):322-7. Available from: https://www.journalsmededu.pl/index.php/ophthatherapy/article/view/2947
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Surgery and laser therapy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. License allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
References
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12. Bower KS, Sia RK, Ryan DS et al. Chronic dry eye in photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis: Manifestations, incidence, and predictive factors. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015; 41: 2624-34.
13. Nejima R, Miyata K, Tanabe T et al. Corneal barrier function, tear film stability, and corneal sensation after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005; 139: 64‑71.
14. Lee KW, Joo CK. Clinical results of laser in situ keratomileusis with superior and nasal hinges. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2003; 29: 457‑61.
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17. Nassaralla BA, McLeod SD, Boteon JE et al. The effect of hinge position and depth plate on the rate of recovery of corneal sensation following LASIK. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005; 139: 118‑24.
18. Mian SI, Li AY, Dutta S et al. Dry eyes and corneal sensation after laser in situ keratomileusis with femtosecond laser flap creation: Effect of hinge position, hinge angle, and flap thickness. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009; 35: 2092‑8.
19. Mian SI, Shtein RM, Nelson A et al. Effect of hinge position on corneal sensation and dry eye after laser in situ keratomileusis using a femtosecond laser. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007; 33: 1190‑4.
20. Vroman DT, Sandoval HP, de Castro LE et al. Effect of hinge location on corneal sensation and dry eye after laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005; 31: 1881‑7.
21. Shoja MR, Besharati MR. Dry eye after LASIK for myopia: Incidence and risk factors. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2007; 17: 1‑6.
22. Salomão MQ, Ambrósio Jr R, Wilson SE. Dry eye associated withlaser in situ keratomileusis: Mechanical microkeratome versus femtosecond laser. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009; 35: 1756‑60.
23. Slade SG, Durrie DS, Binder PS. A prospective, contralateral eye study comparing thin‑flap LASIK (sub‑Bowman keratomileusis) with photorefractive keratectomy. Ophthalmology. 2009; 116: 1075‑82.
24. Elfadl MA, Zein HA, Eid AM et al. The ablation depth effect on dry eye after LASIK treatment for myopia. J Egypt Ophthalmol Soc. 2018; 111: 96.
25. Nettune GR, Pflugfelder SC. Post‑LASIK tear dysfunction and dysesthesia. Ocul Surf. 2010; 8: 135‑45.
26. Toda I, Kato‑Asano N, Hori‑Komai Y et al. Dry eye after LASIK enhancement by flap lifting. J Refract Surg. 2006; 22: 358‑62.
27. He M, Huang W, Zhong X. Central corneal sensitivity after small incision lenticule extraction versus femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK for myopia: a meta-analysis of comparative studies. BMC Ophthalmol. 2015; 15: 141.
28. Herrmann WA, Lohmann CP, Shah CP et al. Tear film function and corneal sensation after LASEK for the correction of myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 46: 4382.
29. Darwish T, Brahma A, O’Donnell C et al. Subbasal nerve fiber regeneration after LASIK and LASEK assessed by noncontact esthesiometry and in vivo confocal microscopy: Prospective study. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007; 33: 1515‑21.
30. Pérez‑Santonja JJ, Sakla HF, Cardona C et al. Corneal sensitivity after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis for low myopia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999; 127: 497‑504.
31. Elmohamady MN, Abdelghaffar W, Daifalla A et al. Evaluation of femtosecond laser in flap and cap creation in corneal refractive surgery for myopia: A 3‑year follow‑up. Clin Ophthalmol (Auckland, NZ). 2018; 12: 935‑42.
32. Shen Z, Shi K, Yu Y et al. Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) versus femtosecond laser‑assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS‑LASIK) for myopia: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. PLoS One. 2016; 11: e0158176.
33. Jiang X, Wang Y, Yuan H et al. Influences of SMILE and FS-LASIK on Corneal Sub-basal Nerves: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. J Refract Surg. 2022; 38: 277-84.
34. De Paiva CS, Chen Z, Koch DD et al. The incidence and risk factors for developing dry eye after myopic LASIK. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006; 141: 438-45.
35. Yüksel Elgin C, Ískeleli G, Talaz S et al. Comparative analysis of tear film levels of inflammatory mediators in contact lens users. Curr Eye Res. 2016; 41: 441-7.
36. Tanaka K, Takano Y, Dogru Y et al. Effect of preoperative tear function on early functional visual acuity after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004; 30: 2311-5.
37. Albietz JM, Lenton LM, McLennan SG. Chronic dry eye and regression after laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004; 30: 675-84.
2. Toda I. Dry eye after LASIK. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci. 2018; 59: DES109-DES115.
3. Sambhi RS, Sambhi GDS, Mather R et al. Dry eye after refractive surgery: A meta-analysis. Can J Ophthalmol. 2019; 20: pii: S0008- 4182(19)30279-0.
4. Li M, Niu L, Qin B et al. Confocal comparison of corneal reinnervation after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK). PLoS One. 2013; 8: e81435.
5. Linna TU, Vesaluoma MH, Perez-Santonja JJ et al. Effect of myopic LASIK on corneal sensitivity and morphology of subbasal nerves. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000; 41: 393-7.
6. Benitez-del-Castillo JM, del Rio T, Iradier T et al. Decrease in tear secretion and corneal sensitivity after laser in situ keratomileusis. Cornea. 2001; 20: 30-2.
7. Sharma B, Soni D, Saxena H et al. Impact of corneal refractive surgery on the precorneal tear film. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020; 68: 2804-12.
8. Rodriguez AE, Rodriguez‑Prats JL, Hamdi IM et al. Comparison of goblet cell density after femtosecond laser and mechanical microkeratome in LASIK. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007; 48: 2570‑5.
9. Dong Z, Zhou X, Wu J et al. Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser LASIK: Comparison of corneal wound healing and inflammation. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014; 98: 263‑9.
10. Müller LJ, Marfurt CF, Kruse F et al. Corneal nerves: Structure, contents and function. Exp Eye Res. 2003; 76: 521‑42.
11. Konomi K, Chen LL, Tarko RS et al. Preoperative characteristics and a potential mechanism of chronic dry eye after LASIK. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008; 49: 168‑74.
12. Bower KS, Sia RK, Ryan DS et al. Chronic dry eye in photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis: Manifestations, incidence, and predictive factors. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015; 41: 2624-34.
13. Nejima R, Miyata K, Tanabe T et al. Corneal barrier function, tear film stability, and corneal sensation after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005; 139: 64‑71.
14. Lee KW, Joo CK. Clinical results of laser in situ keratomileusis with superior and nasal hinges. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2003; 29: 457‑61.
15. Erie JC, McLaren JW, Hodge DO et al. Recovery of cornealsubbasal nerve density after PRK and LASIK. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005; 140: 1059‑64.
16. Donnenfeld ED, Solomon K, Perry HD et al. The effect of hinge position on corneal sensation and dry eye after LASIK. Ophthalmology. 2003; 110: 1023‑29.
17. Nassaralla BA, McLeod SD, Boteon JE et al. The effect of hinge position and depth plate on the rate of recovery of corneal sensation following LASIK. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005; 139: 118‑24.
18. Mian SI, Li AY, Dutta S et al. Dry eyes and corneal sensation after laser in situ keratomileusis with femtosecond laser flap creation: Effect of hinge position, hinge angle, and flap thickness. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009; 35: 2092‑8.
19. Mian SI, Shtein RM, Nelson A et al. Effect of hinge position on corneal sensation and dry eye after laser in situ keratomileusis using a femtosecond laser. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007; 33: 1190‑4.
20. Vroman DT, Sandoval HP, de Castro LE et al. Effect of hinge location on corneal sensation and dry eye after laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005; 31: 1881‑7.
21. Shoja MR, Besharati MR. Dry eye after LASIK for myopia: Incidence and risk factors. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2007; 17: 1‑6.
22. Salomão MQ, Ambrósio Jr R, Wilson SE. Dry eye associated withlaser in situ keratomileusis: Mechanical microkeratome versus femtosecond laser. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009; 35: 1756‑60.
23. Slade SG, Durrie DS, Binder PS. A prospective, contralateral eye study comparing thin‑flap LASIK (sub‑Bowman keratomileusis) with photorefractive keratectomy. Ophthalmology. 2009; 116: 1075‑82.
24. Elfadl MA, Zein HA, Eid AM et al. The ablation depth effect on dry eye after LASIK treatment for myopia. J Egypt Ophthalmol Soc. 2018; 111: 96.
25. Nettune GR, Pflugfelder SC. Post‑LASIK tear dysfunction and dysesthesia. Ocul Surf. 2010; 8: 135‑45.
26. Toda I, Kato‑Asano N, Hori‑Komai Y et al. Dry eye after LASIK enhancement by flap lifting. J Refract Surg. 2006; 22: 358‑62.
27. He M, Huang W, Zhong X. Central corneal sensitivity after small incision lenticule extraction versus femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK for myopia: a meta-analysis of comparative studies. BMC Ophthalmol. 2015; 15: 141.
28. Herrmann WA, Lohmann CP, Shah CP et al. Tear film function and corneal sensation after LASEK for the correction of myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 46: 4382.
29. Darwish T, Brahma A, O’Donnell C et al. Subbasal nerve fiber regeneration after LASIK and LASEK assessed by noncontact esthesiometry and in vivo confocal microscopy: Prospective study. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007; 33: 1515‑21.
30. Pérez‑Santonja JJ, Sakla HF, Cardona C et al. Corneal sensitivity after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis for low myopia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999; 127: 497‑504.
31. Elmohamady MN, Abdelghaffar W, Daifalla A et al. Evaluation of femtosecond laser in flap and cap creation in corneal refractive surgery for myopia: A 3‑year follow‑up. Clin Ophthalmol (Auckland, NZ). 2018; 12: 935‑42.
32. Shen Z, Shi K, Yu Y et al. Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) versus femtosecond laser‑assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS‑LASIK) for myopia: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. PLoS One. 2016; 11: e0158176.
33. Jiang X, Wang Y, Yuan H et al. Influences of SMILE and FS-LASIK on Corneal Sub-basal Nerves: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. J Refract Surg. 2022; 38: 277-84.
34. De Paiva CS, Chen Z, Koch DD et al. The incidence and risk factors for developing dry eye after myopic LASIK. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006; 141: 438-45.
35. Yüksel Elgin C, Ískeleli G, Talaz S et al. Comparative analysis of tear film levels of inflammatory mediators in contact lens users. Curr Eye Res. 2016; 41: 441-7.
36. Tanaka K, Takano Y, Dogru Y et al. Effect of preoperative tear function on early functional visual acuity after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004; 30: 2311-5.
37. Albietz JM, Lenton LM, McLennan SG. Chronic dry eye and regression after laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004; 30: 675-84.