Preservative free 2% carteolol and other topical β-blockers in glaucoma therapy: indications, contraindications and safety profile Review article
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Published:
Mar 31, 2026
Keywords:
glaucoma therapy, topical β-blockers, intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, safety profile
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Abstract
Topical β-blockers, both selective and non-selective, are first-line therapeutic options in different types of glaucoma, particularly in its most common type – open angle glaucoma. In this paper the author is summarizing and comparing characteristics of β-blocker ophthalmic drops accessible in Poland: carteolol, betaxolol and timolol, describing indications and contraindications for their use in glaucoma therapy, possible adverse effects and general safety profile. Preservative free 2% carteolol ophthalmic solution, compared to other topical β-blokers, indicates that it may be a valuable alternative in first choice glaucoma therapy, thanks to some properties, which distinguish the drug within the group. It’s sufficient hypotensive effect enables 2% carteolol to be used it in glaucoma monotherapy, the unique intrinsic sympathomimetic activity allows safer application in patients with some concomitant systemic diseases and once-daily long acting preservative free formula simplifies dosing, improves patient’s adherence and persistence in and increases therapy comfort, minimizing adverse effects on ocular surface.
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1.
Wasyluk J. Preservative free 2% carteolol and other topical β-blockers in glaucoma therapy: indications, contraindications and safety profile. Ophthatherapy [Internet]. 2026Mar.31 [cited 2026Oct.4];13(1):A0000. Available from: https://www.journalsmededu.pl/index.php/ophthatherapy/article/view/3563
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Conservative treatment
Copyright: Medical Education sp. z o.o. License allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
References
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2. Shan S, Wu J, Cao J et al.; Global Health Epidemiology Research Group (GHERG). Global incidence and risk factors for glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Glob Health. 2024; 14: 04252. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.14.04252.
3. Stuart KV, de Vries VA, Schuster AK et al.; European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium. Prevalence of Glaucoma in Europe and Projections to 2050: Findings from the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium. Ophthalmology. 2025; 132(10): 1114-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2025.06.002.
4. Nizankowska MH, Kaczmarek R. Prevalence of glaucoma in the Wroclaw population. The Wroclaw epidemiological study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2005; 12(6): 363-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/09286580500212904.
5. Heijl A, Leske MC, Bengtsson B et al. Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression: results from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002; 120: 1268-79.
6. Pazos M, Traverso CE, Viswanathan A et al. European Glaucoma Society – Terminology and guidelines for glaucoma, 6th Edition. Br J Ophthalmol. 2025; 109(Suppl 1): 1-212. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2025-egsguidelines.
7. Zimmerman TJ, Hahn SR, Gelb L et al. The impact of ocular adverse effects in patients treated with topical prostaglandin analogs: changes in prescription patterns and patient persistence. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2009; 25(2): 145-52. https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2008.0072.
8. Zhou L, Zhan W, Wei X. Clinical pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of prostaglandin analogues in glaucoma. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13: 1015338. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1015338.
9. Subbulakshmi S, Kavitha S, Venkatesh R. Prostaglandin analogs in ophthalmology. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2023; 71(5): 1768-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_2706_22.
10. Scherer WJ. A retrospective review of non-responders to latanoprost. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2002; 18(3): 287-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/108076802760116205.
11. Inoue K, Setogawa A, Tomita G. Nonresponders to Prostaglandin Analogs Among Normal-Tension Glaucoma Patients. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2016; 32(2): 90-6. https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2015.0086.
12. Ohno S, Ichiishi A, Matsuda H. Hypotensive effect of carteolol on intraocular pressure elevation and secondary glaucoma associated with endogenous uveitis. Ophthalmologica. 1989; 199(1): 41-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000310013.
13. Dvivedi A, Murthy SI, Garudadri C et al. Bilateral Severe Herpes Simplex Endotheliitis with a Possible Association with Latanoprost. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2023; 31(5): 1073-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2022.2065310.
14. He B, Tavakoli H, Etminan M et al. Impact of the use of anti-glaucoma medications on the risk of herpetic keratitis recurrence. Int Ophthalmol. 2023; 43(5): 1559-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-022-02552-7.
15. Kaufman HE, Varnell ED, Thompson HW. Latanoprost increases the severity and recurrence of herpetic keratitis in the rabbit. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999; 127(5): 531-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(99)00089-6.
16. Haneda M, Shirato S, Maruyama K et al. Comparison of the additive effects of nipradilol and carteolol to latanoprost in open-angle glaucoma. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2006; 50(1): 33-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-005-0256-2.
17. Stewart WC, Shields MB, Allen RC et al. A 3-month comparison of 1% and 2% carteolol and 0.5% timolol in open-angle glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1991; 229(3): 258-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00167880.
18. Stewart WC, Cohen JS, Netland PA et al. Efficacy of carteolol hydrochloride 1% vs timolol maleate 0.5% in patients with increased intraocular pressure. Nocturnal Investigation of Glaucoma Hemodynamics Trial Study Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997; 124(4): 498-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70865-7.
19. Chrisp P, Sorkin EM. Ocular carteolol. A review of its pharmacological properties, and therapeutic use in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Drugs Aging. 1992; 2(1): 58-77. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-199202010-00007.
20. Lestak J, Fus M, Pitrova S. Effect of treatment with carteolol and latanoprost in newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma on peripapillary vessel density. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2025; 169(3): 203-9. https://doi.org/10.5507/bp.2024.010.
21. Montanari P, Marangoni P, Oldani A et al. Color Doppler imaging study in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma treated with timolol 0.5% and carteolol 2%. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2001; 11(3): 240-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/112067210101100305.
22. Chen MJ, Ching J, Chou K et al. Color Doppler imaging of retrobulbar hemodynamics after topical carteolol in normal tension glaucoma. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2001; 64(10): 575-80.
23. Lin YH, Su WW, Huang SM et al. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Vessel Density Changes in Normal-tension Glaucoma Treated With Carteolol, Brimonidine, or Dorzolamide. J Glaucoma. 2021; 30(8): 690-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/IJG.0000000000001859.
24. Kawai M, Nagaoka T, Takahashi A et al. Effects of topical carteolol on retinal arterial blood flow in primary open-angle glaucoma patients. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2012; 56(5): 458-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-012-0156-1.
25. Maruyama K, Shirato S. Additive effect of dorzolamide or carteolol to latanoprost in primary open-angle glaucoma: a prospective randomized crossover trial. J Glaucoma. 2006; 15(4): 341-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ijg.0000212240.11219.49.
26. Yamamoto T, Ikegami T, Ishikawa Y et al. Randomized, Controlled, Phase 3 Trials of Carteolol/Latanoprost Fixed Combination in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016; 171: 35-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2016.08.022.
27. Saito Y, Kizaki J, Wada Y et al. Comparison of the 24-h efficacy and safety of fixed combination carteolol/latanoprost and timolol/latanoprost in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: a prospective crossover study. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2021; 65(5): 598-607. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10384-021-00856-2.
28. Netland PA, Weiss HS, Stewart WC et al. Cardiovascular effects of topical carteolol hydrochloride and timolol maleate in patients with ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma. Night Study Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997; 123(4): 465-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70172-2.
29. Stewart WC, Dubiner HB, Mundorf TK et al. Effects of carteolol and timolol on plasma lipid profiles in older women with ocular hypertension or primary open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999; 127(2): 142-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(98)00328-6.
30. Yamamoto T, Kitazawa Y, Noma A et al. The effects of the beta-adrenergic-blocking agents, timolol and carteolol, on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Japanese glaucoma patients. J Glaucoma. 1996; 5(4): 252-7.
31. Bruck H, Poller U, Lüssenhop H et al. Beta 2-adrenoceptor-mediated intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of carteolol: an in vivo study. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004; 370(5): 361-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-004-0988-4.
32. Saitoh Y, Tani T, Asahi Y et al. Improving effect of carteolol on bodyweight and carbohydrate and lipid metabolic responses in the OLETF rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1997; 24(5): 321-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1997.tb01195.x.
33. Hugues FC, Le Jeunne C, Munera Y et al. Comparaison des effets des collyres au cartéolol et au métipranolol sur les fonctions ventilatoire et cardiovasculaire de l’asthmatique [Comparison of the effects of carteolol and metipranolol eyedrops on the ventilatory and cardiovascular functions in asthmatics]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 1987; 10(8-9): 485-90.
34. Le Jeunne C, Munera Y, Teillet L et al. Asthme et collyres beta bloqueurs (timolol, métipranolol, cartéolol). Inhibition des effets chronotropes de l’isoprénaline [Asthma and beta-blocker eye drops (timolol, metipranolol, carteolol). Inhibition of chronotropic effects of isoprenaline]. Allerg Immunol (Paris). 1988; 20(7): 267-9.
35. Wasyluk J, Rotuski G, Dubisz M et al. Ocular Surface Parameters in Glaucoma Patients Treated with Topical Prostaglandin Analogs and the Importance of Switching to Preservative-Free Eye Drops-A Systematic Review. Life (Basel). 2025; 15(12): 1837. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15121837.
36. Baudouin C, Denoyer A, Desbenoit N et al. In vitro and in vivo experimental studies on trabecular meshwork degeneration induced by benzalkonium chloride (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2012; 110: 40-63.
37. Boimer C, Birt CM. Preservative exposure and surgical outcomes in glaucoma patients: The PESO study. J Glaucoma. 2013; 22(9): 730-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/IJG.0b013e31825af67d .
38. Waterman H, Evans JR, Gray TA et al. Interventions for improving adherence to ocular hypotensive therapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 2013(4): CD006132. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006132.pub3.
39. Moore SG, Richter G, Modjtahedi BS. Factors Affecting Glaucoma Medication Adherence and Interventions to Improve Adherence: A Narrative Review. Ophthalmol Ther. 2023; 12(6): 2863-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-023-00797-8.
40. Ha A, Jang M, Shim SR et al. Interventions for Glaucoma Medication Adherence Improvement: A Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Ophthalmology. 2022; 129(11): 1294-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.06.025.
41. Grabska-Liberek I, Wasyluk J, Janiszewska B et al. Porównanie skuteczności hipotensyjnej 2% karteololu podawanego dwa razy dziennie z 2% karteololem o przedłużonym uwalnianiu stosowanym raz dziennie w badaniu krzywej ciśnienia wewnątrzgałkowego dynamicznym tonometrem konturowym Pascala u pacjentów z jaskrą pierwotną otwartego kąta. Okulistyka. 2007; 10(3): 63-7.
42. Henness S, Swainston Harrison T et al. Ocular carteolol: a review of its use in the management of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Drugs Aging. 2007; 24(6): 509-28. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200724060-00007.
43. Arribada RG, Rodrigues-Braz D, Silva-Cunha A et al. Excipients in drug delivery systems: A comprehensive review of approved inactive ingredients for human ophthalmic formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2025; 208: 114637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114637.
44. Renard P, Kovalski JL, Cochereau I et al. Comparison of carteolol plasmatic levels after repeated instillations of long-acting and regular formulations of carteolol 2% in glaucoma patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005; 243(12): 1221-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-005-0024-5.
45. Watson PG, Barnett MF, Parker V et al. A 7 year prospective comparative study of three topical beta blockers in the management of primary open angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001; 85(8): 962-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.85.8.962.
46. Konstas AG, Quaranta L, Bozkurt B et al. 24-h Efficacy of Glaucoma Treatment Options. Adv Ther. 2016; 33(4): 481-517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-016-0302-0.
47. Stewart WC, Konstas AG, Nelson LA et al. Meta-analysis of 24-hour intraocular pressure studies evaluating the efficacy of glaucoma medicines. Ophthalmology. 2008; 115(7): 1117-22.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.10.004.
48. Brooks AM, Gillies WE. Ocular beta-blockers in glaucoma management. Clinical pharmacological aspects. Drugs Aging. 1992; 2(3): 208-21. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-199202030-00005.
49. Salvetat ML, Pellegrini F, Spadea L et al. Pharmaceutical Approaches to Normal Tension Glaucoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023; 16(8): 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16081172.
2. Shan S, Wu J, Cao J et al.; Global Health Epidemiology Research Group (GHERG). Global incidence and risk factors for glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Glob Health. 2024; 14: 04252. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.14.04252.
3. Stuart KV, de Vries VA, Schuster AK et al.; European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium. Prevalence of Glaucoma in Europe and Projections to 2050: Findings from the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium. Ophthalmology. 2025; 132(10): 1114-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2025.06.002.
4. Nizankowska MH, Kaczmarek R. Prevalence of glaucoma in the Wroclaw population. The Wroclaw epidemiological study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2005; 12(6): 363-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/09286580500212904.
5. Heijl A, Leske MC, Bengtsson B et al. Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression: results from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002; 120: 1268-79.
6. Pazos M, Traverso CE, Viswanathan A et al. European Glaucoma Society – Terminology and guidelines for glaucoma, 6th Edition. Br J Ophthalmol. 2025; 109(Suppl 1): 1-212. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2025-egsguidelines.
7. Zimmerman TJ, Hahn SR, Gelb L et al. The impact of ocular adverse effects in patients treated with topical prostaglandin analogs: changes in prescription patterns and patient persistence. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2009; 25(2): 145-52. https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2008.0072.
8. Zhou L, Zhan W, Wei X. Clinical pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of prostaglandin analogues in glaucoma. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13: 1015338. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1015338.
9. Subbulakshmi S, Kavitha S, Venkatesh R. Prostaglandin analogs in ophthalmology. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2023; 71(5): 1768-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_2706_22.
10. Scherer WJ. A retrospective review of non-responders to latanoprost. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2002; 18(3): 287-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/108076802760116205.
11. Inoue K, Setogawa A, Tomita G. Nonresponders to Prostaglandin Analogs Among Normal-Tension Glaucoma Patients. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2016; 32(2): 90-6. https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2015.0086.
12. Ohno S, Ichiishi A, Matsuda H. Hypotensive effect of carteolol on intraocular pressure elevation and secondary glaucoma associated with endogenous uveitis. Ophthalmologica. 1989; 199(1): 41-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000310013.
13. Dvivedi A, Murthy SI, Garudadri C et al. Bilateral Severe Herpes Simplex Endotheliitis with a Possible Association with Latanoprost. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2023; 31(5): 1073-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2022.2065310.
14. He B, Tavakoli H, Etminan M et al. Impact of the use of anti-glaucoma medications on the risk of herpetic keratitis recurrence. Int Ophthalmol. 2023; 43(5): 1559-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-022-02552-7.
15. Kaufman HE, Varnell ED, Thompson HW. Latanoprost increases the severity and recurrence of herpetic keratitis in the rabbit. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999; 127(5): 531-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(99)00089-6.
16. Haneda M, Shirato S, Maruyama K et al. Comparison of the additive effects of nipradilol and carteolol to latanoprost in open-angle glaucoma. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2006; 50(1): 33-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-005-0256-2.
17. Stewart WC, Shields MB, Allen RC et al. A 3-month comparison of 1% and 2% carteolol and 0.5% timolol in open-angle glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1991; 229(3): 258-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00167880.
18. Stewart WC, Cohen JS, Netland PA et al. Efficacy of carteolol hydrochloride 1% vs timolol maleate 0.5% in patients with increased intraocular pressure. Nocturnal Investigation of Glaucoma Hemodynamics Trial Study Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997; 124(4): 498-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70865-7.
19. Chrisp P, Sorkin EM. Ocular carteolol. A review of its pharmacological properties, and therapeutic use in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Drugs Aging. 1992; 2(1): 58-77. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-199202010-00007.
20. Lestak J, Fus M, Pitrova S. Effect of treatment with carteolol and latanoprost in newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma on peripapillary vessel density. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2025; 169(3): 203-9. https://doi.org/10.5507/bp.2024.010.
21. Montanari P, Marangoni P, Oldani A et al. Color Doppler imaging study in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma treated with timolol 0.5% and carteolol 2%. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2001; 11(3): 240-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/112067210101100305.
22. Chen MJ, Ching J, Chou K et al. Color Doppler imaging of retrobulbar hemodynamics after topical carteolol in normal tension glaucoma. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2001; 64(10): 575-80.
23. Lin YH, Su WW, Huang SM et al. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Vessel Density Changes in Normal-tension Glaucoma Treated With Carteolol, Brimonidine, or Dorzolamide. J Glaucoma. 2021; 30(8): 690-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/IJG.0000000000001859.
24. Kawai M, Nagaoka T, Takahashi A et al. Effects of topical carteolol on retinal arterial blood flow in primary open-angle glaucoma patients. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2012; 56(5): 458-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-012-0156-1.
25. Maruyama K, Shirato S. Additive effect of dorzolamide or carteolol to latanoprost in primary open-angle glaucoma: a prospective randomized crossover trial. J Glaucoma. 2006; 15(4): 341-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ijg.0000212240.11219.49.
26. Yamamoto T, Ikegami T, Ishikawa Y et al. Randomized, Controlled, Phase 3 Trials of Carteolol/Latanoprost Fixed Combination in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016; 171: 35-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2016.08.022.
27. Saito Y, Kizaki J, Wada Y et al. Comparison of the 24-h efficacy and safety of fixed combination carteolol/latanoprost and timolol/latanoprost in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: a prospective crossover study. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2021; 65(5): 598-607. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10384-021-00856-2.
28. Netland PA, Weiss HS, Stewart WC et al. Cardiovascular effects of topical carteolol hydrochloride and timolol maleate in patients with ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma. Night Study Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997; 123(4): 465-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70172-2.
29. Stewart WC, Dubiner HB, Mundorf TK et al. Effects of carteolol and timolol on plasma lipid profiles in older women with ocular hypertension or primary open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999; 127(2): 142-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(98)00328-6.
30. Yamamoto T, Kitazawa Y, Noma A et al. The effects of the beta-adrenergic-blocking agents, timolol and carteolol, on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Japanese glaucoma patients. J Glaucoma. 1996; 5(4): 252-7.
31. Bruck H, Poller U, Lüssenhop H et al. Beta 2-adrenoceptor-mediated intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of carteolol: an in vivo study. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004; 370(5): 361-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-004-0988-4.
32. Saitoh Y, Tani T, Asahi Y et al. Improving effect of carteolol on bodyweight and carbohydrate and lipid metabolic responses in the OLETF rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1997; 24(5): 321-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1997.tb01195.x.
33. Hugues FC, Le Jeunne C, Munera Y et al. Comparaison des effets des collyres au cartéolol et au métipranolol sur les fonctions ventilatoire et cardiovasculaire de l’asthmatique [Comparison of the effects of carteolol and metipranolol eyedrops on the ventilatory and cardiovascular functions in asthmatics]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 1987; 10(8-9): 485-90.
34. Le Jeunne C, Munera Y, Teillet L et al. Asthme et collyres beta bloqueurs (timolol, métipranolol, cartéolol). Inhibition des effets chronotropes de l’isoprénaline [Asthma and beta-blocker eye drops (timolol, metipranolol, carteolol). Inhibition of chronotropic effects of isoprenaline]. Allerg Immunol (Paris). 1988; 20(7): 267-9.
35. Wasyluk J, Rotuski G, Dubisz M et al. Ocular Surface Parameters in Glaucoma Patients Treated with Topical Prostaglandin Analogs and the Importance of Switching to Preservative-Free Eye Drops-A Systematic Review. Life (Basel). 2025; 15(12): 1837. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15121837.
36. Baudouin C, Denoyer A, Desbenoit N et al. In vitro and in vivo experimental studies on trabecular meshwork degeneration induced by benzalkonium chloride (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2012; 110: 40-63.
37. Boimer C, Birt CM. Preservative exposure and surgical outcomes in glaucoma patients: The PESO study. J Glaucoma. 2013; 22(9): 730-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/IJG.0b013e31825af67d .
38. Waterman H, Evans JR, Gray TA et al. Interventions for improving adherence to ocular hypotensive therapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 2013(4): CD006132. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006132.pub3.
39. Moore SG, Richter G, Modjtahedi BS. Factors Affecting Glaucoma Medication Adherence and Interventions to Improve Adherence: A Narrative Review. Ophthalmol Ther. 2023; 12(6): 2863-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-023-00797-8.
40. Ha A, Jang M, Shim SR et al. Interventions for Glaucoma Medication Adherence Improvement: A Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Ophthalmology. 2022; 129(11): 1294-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.06.025.
41. Grabska-Liberek I, Wasyluk J, Janiszewska B et al. Porównanie skuteczności hipotensyjnej 2% karteololu podawanego dwa razy dziennie z 2% karteololem o przedłużonym uwalnianiu stosowanym raz dziennie w badaniu krzywej ciśnienia wewnątrzgałkowego dynamicznym tonometrem konturowym Pascala u pacjentów z jaskrą pierwotną otwartego kąta. Okulistyka. 2007; 10(3): 63-7.
42. Henness S, Swainston Harrison T et al. Ocular carteolol: a review of its use in the management of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Drugs Aging. 2007; 24(6): 509-28. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200724060-00007.
43. Arribada RG, Rodrigues-Braz D, Silva-Cunha A et al. Excipients in drug delivery systems: A comprehensive review of approved inactive ingredients for human ophthalmic formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2025; 208: 114637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114637.
44. Renard P, Kovalski JL, Cochereau I et al. Comparison of carteolol plasmatic levels after repeated instillations of long-acting and regular formulations of carteolol 2% in glaucoma patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005; 243(12): 1221-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-005-0024-5.
45. Watson PG, Barnett MF, Parker V et al. A 7 year prospective comparative study of three topical beta blockers in the management of primary open angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001; 85(8): 962-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.85.8.962.
46. Konstas AG, Quaranta L, Bozkurt B et al. 24-h Efficacy of Glaucoma Treatment Options. Adv Ther. 2016; 33(4): 481-517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-016-0302-0.
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