Modulation of the innate immune system in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma – literature review Review article
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Opublikowane:
paź 30, 2025
Słowa kluczowe:
non-Hodgkin lymphoma, immunotherapy, immune system, innate immune system, lymphoma
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Abstrakt
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a common, fast-growing malignancy. A novel strategy in its treatment is the use of modulators of the innate immune system, and here, we intended to investigate their role. To evaluate their efficacy and safety, we reviewed the PubMed database. The use of new therapeutic strategies reduces side effects and positively affects the treatment process. The effects of targeting some molecules, particularly CD47, are promising.
Their use is associated with side effects. Many of them are transient and can be alleviated. Current advances in non-Hodgkin lymphoma treatment are promising. The efficacy and safety of innate immune system modulators have been demonstrated for some of the non-Hodgkin lymphoma subclasses. Nevertheless, there is a need for further carefully designed studies.
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1.
Duda P, Brylinski Łukasz, Tomasik J, Brylińska K, Dziedzic B, Gil-Kulik P. Modulation of the innate immune system in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma – literature review. OncoReview [Internet]. 30 październik 2025 [cytowane 10 czerwiec 2026];15(2(58):27-5. Dostępne na: https://www.journalsmededu.pl/index.php/OncoReview/article/view/3352
Numer
Dział
HEMATO-ONCOLOGY
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Copyright: ? Medical Education sp. z o.o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
Bibliografia
1. Singh R, Shaik S, Negi B et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: A review. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2020; 9(4): 1834.
2. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts; Statistics.
3. Ekström-Smedby K. Epidemiology and etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma – A review. Acta Oncologica. 2006; 45: 258-71.
4. Seňavová J, Rajmonová A, Heřman V et al. Immune Checkpoints and Their Inhibition in T-Cell Lymphomas. Folia Biol (Praha). 2024; 70(3): 123-51.
5. Kimball AS, Webb TJ. The roles of radiotherapy and immunotherapy for the treatment of lymphoma. Mol Cell Pharmacol. 2013; 5(1): 27-38.
6. Petroianu A, Alberti LR, Orsi VL et al. Etiopathogenic, epidemiologic and clinical-therapeutic comparison of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2020; 33(2): 1-4.
7. Bai J, Jiang H, Li S et al. NHL Pathological Image Classification Based on Hierarchical Local Information and GoogLeNet-Based Representations. Biomed Res Int. 2019; 2019: 1065652.
8. Bowzyk Al-Naeeb A, Ajithkumar T, Behan S et al. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. BMJ. 2018; 362: k3204.
9. Xie W, Medeiros LJ, Li S et al. PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway and Its Blockade in Patients with Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Large-Cell Lymphomas. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2020; 15(4): 372-81.
10. Lulla P, Heslop HE. Checkpoint inhibition and cellular immunotherapy in lymphoma. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2016; 2016(1): 390-6.
11. Illidge T, Specht L, Yahalom J et al.; International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group. Modern radiation therapy for nodal non-Hodgkin lymphom-target definition and dose guidelines from the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014; 89(1): 49-58.
12. Tun AM, Ansell SM. Immunotherapy in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Innate, adaptive and targeted immunological strategies. Cancer Treat Rev. 2020; 88: 102042.
13. Wiemann B, Starnes CO. Coley’s toxins, tumor necrosis factor and cancer research: a historical perspective. Pharmacol Ther. 1994; 64(3): 529-64.
14. Loughlin KR. William B. Coley: His Hypothesis, His Toxin, and the Birth of Immunotherapy. Urol Clin North Am. 2020; 47(4): 413-7.
15. Duell J, Westin J. The future of immunotherapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Int J Cancer. 2025; 156(2): 251-61.
16. Zhang J, Jin S, Guo X et al. Targeting the CD47-SIRPα signaling axis: current studies on B-cell lymphoma immunotherapy. J Int Med Res. 2018; 46(11): 4418-26.
17. Russ A, Hua AB, Montfort WR et al. Blocking “don’t eat me” signal of CD47-SIRPα in hematological malignancies, an in-depth review. Blood Rev. 2018; 32(6): 480-9.
18. Shen YG, Ji MM, Yi HM et al. CD47 overexpression is related to tumour-associated macrophage infiltration and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma progression. Clin Transl Med. 2024; 14(1): e1532.
19. Xiao A, Akilov OE. Targeting the CD47-SIRPα Axis: Present Therapies and the Future for Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma. Cells. 2022; 11(22): 3591.
20. Zeller T, Lutz S, Münnich IA et al. Dual checkpoint blockade of CD47 and LILRB1 enhances CD20 antibody-dependent phagocytosis of lymphoma cells by macrophages. Front Immunol. 2022; 13: 929339.
21. Zhu D, Hadjivassiliou H, Jennings C et al. CC-96673 (BMS-986358), an affinity-tuned anti-CD47 and CD20 bispecific antibody with fully functional fc, selectively targets and depletes non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. MAbs. 2024; 16(1): 2310248.
22. Aroldi A, Mauri M, Ramazzotti D et al. Effects of blocking CD24 and CD47 “don’t eat me” signals in combination with rituximab in mantle-cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. J Cell Mol Med. 2023; 27(20): 3053-64.
23. Biedermann A, Patra-Kneuer M, Mougiakakos D et al. Blockade of the CD47/SIRPα checkpoint axis potentiates the macrophage-mediated anti-tumor efficacy of tafasitamab. Haematologica. 2024; 109: 3928-40.
24. Qin L, Li Y, Zeng R et al. A novel anti-CD47 antibody with therapeutic potential for NK/T-cell lymphoma. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2024; 20(1): 2408088.
25. Nguyen OTP, Lara S, Ferro G et al. Rituximab-IgG2 is a phagocytic enhancer in antibody-based immunotherapy of B-cell lymphoma by altering CD47 expression. Front Immunol. 2024; 15: 1483617.
26. Yang J, Song Y, Zhou K et al. Safety and efficacy of amulirafusp alfa (IMM0306), a fusion protein of CD20 monoclonal antibody with the CD47 binding domain of SIRPα, in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a phase 1/2 study. J Hematol Oncol. 2024; 17(1): 123.
27. Bikorimana J-PP, El-Hachem N, Moreau M et al. Intratumoral administration of unconjugated AccumTM impairs the growth of pre-established solid lymphoma tumors. Cancer Sci. 2023; 114(12): 4499-510.
28. Khurana S, Heckman MG, Craig FE et al. Evaluation of Novel Targets, Including CC-Chemokine Receptor 4, in Adult T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/ Lymphoma: A Mayo Clinic Clinical and Pathologic Study. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2024; 148(4): 471-5.
29. Willingham SB, Volkmer JP, Gentles AJ et al. The CD47-signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa) interaction is a therapeutic target for human solid tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012; 109(17): 6662-7.
30. Masroni MSB, Leong SM, Cheng H et al. miR-101-5p modulation of CD47 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Implications for anti-CD47 immunotherapy and prognostication. Br J Haematol. 2024; 204(2): 730-4.
31. Hayat SMG, Bianconi V, Pirro M et al. CD47: role in the immune system and application to cancer therapy. Cell Oncol (Dordr). 2020; 43(1): 19-30.
32. Liu J, Wang L, Zhao F et al. Pre-Clinical Development of a Humanized Anti-CD47 Antibody with Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Potential. PLoS One. 2015; 10(9): e0137345.
33. Sikic BI, Lakhani N, Patnaik A et al. First-in-Human, First-in-Class Phase I Trial of the Anti-CD47 Antibody Hu5F9-G4 in Patients With Advanced Cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2019; 37(12): 946-53.
34. Advani R, Flinn I, Popplewell L et al. CD47 Blockade by Hu5F9-G4 and Rituximab in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379(18): 1711-21.
35. Li S, Chen D, Yang Y et al. Combining CD38 antibody with CD47 blockade is a promising strategy for treating hematologic malignancies expressing CD38. Front Immunol. 2024; 15: 1398508.
36. Piccione EC, Juarez S, Liu J et al. A bispecific antibody targeting CD47 and CD20 selectively binds and eliminates dual antigen expressing lymphoma cells. MAbs. 2015; 7(5): 946-56.
37. Han Z, Wu X, Qin H et al. Blockade of the Immune Checkpoint CD47 by TTI-621 Potentiates the Response to Anti-PD-L1 in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol. 2023; 143(8): 1569-78.e5.
38. Johnson LDS, Banerjee S, Kruglov O et al. Targeting CD47 in Sézary syndrome with SIRPαFc. Blood Adv. 2019; 3(7): 1145-53.
39. Sagawa M, Shimizu T, Fukushima N et al. A new disulfide-linked dimer of a single-chain antibody fragment against human CD47 induces apoptosis in lymphoid malignant cells via the hypoxia inducible factor-1α pathway. Cancer Sci. 2011; 102(6): 1208-15.
40. Wiktorin HG, Aydin E, Hellstrand K et al. NOX2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020; 2020: 7095902.
41. Bessède E, Copie-Bergman C, Lehours P et al. Is elevated gastric tissue NOX2 associated with lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012; 16(11): 1205-11.
42. Akhiani AA, Hallner A, Kiffin R et al. Idelalisib Rescues Natural Killer Cells from Monocyte-Induced Immunosuppression by Inhibiting NOX2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species. Cancer Immunol Res. 2020; 8(12): 1532-41.
43. Lampson BL, Kim HT, Davids MS et al. Efficacy results of a phase 2 trial of first-line idelalisib plus ofatumumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood Adv. 2019; 3(7): 1167-74.
44. Ryu CH, Kim SH, Hur DY. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor induces apoptosis on Epstein-Barr virus positive B lymphoma cells. Anat Cell Biol. 2020; 53(4): 471-80.
45. Muntasell A, Ochoa MC, Cordeiro L et al. Targeting NK-cell checkpoints for cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol. 2017; 45: 73-81.
46. Principles of cancer immunotherapy - UpToDate. https://tinyurl.com/52zwz9k7.
47. Blunt MD, Vallejo Pulido A, Fisher JG et al. KIR2DS2 Expression Identifies NK Cells With Enhanced Anticancer Activity. J Immunol. 2022; 209(2): 379-90.
48. Decroos A, Cheminant M, Bruneau J et al. KIR3DL2 may represent a novel therapeutic target in aggressive systemic peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Haematologica. 2023; 108(10): 2830-6.
49. Cheminant M, Lhermitte L, Bruneau J et al. KIR3DL2 contributes to the typing of acute adult T-cell leukemia and is a potential therapeutic target. Blood. 2022; 140(13): 1522-32.
50. Muriuki BM, Forconi CS, Kirwa EK et al. Evaluation of KIR3DL1/KIR3DS1 allelic polymorphisms in Kenyan children with endemic Burkitt lymphoma. PLoS One. 2023; 18(8): e0275046.
51. MacFarlane AW, Jillab M, Smith MR et al. NK cell dysfunction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is associated with loss of the mature cells expressing inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors. Oncoimmunology. 2017; 6(7): e1330235.
52. Armand P, Lesokhin A, Borrello I et al. A phase 1b study of dual PD-1 and CTLA-4 or KIR blockade in patients with relapsed/refractory lymphoid malignancies. Leukemia. 2021; 35(3): 777-86.
53. Ribeiro ML, Profitós-Pelejà N, Santos JC et al. G protein-coupled receptor 183 mediates the sensitization of Burkitt lymphoma tumors to CD47 immune checkpoint blockade by anti-CD20/PI3Kδi dual therapy. Front Immunol. 2023; 14: 1130052.
2. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts; Statistics.
3. Ekström-Smedby K. Epidemiology and etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma – A review. Acta Oncologica. 2006; 45: 258-71.
4. Seňavová J, Rajmonová A, Heřman V et al. Immune Checkpoints and Their Inhibition in T-Cell Lymphomas. Folia Biol (Praha). 2024; 70(3): 123-51.
5. Kimball AS, Webb TJ. The roles of radiotherapy and immunotherapy for the treatment of lymphoma. Mol Cell Pharmacol. 2013; 5(1): 27-38.
6. Petroianu A, Alberti LR, Orsi VL et al. Etiopathogenic, epidemiologic and clinical-therapeutic comparison of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2020; 33(2): 1-4.
7. Bai J, Jiang H, Li S et al. NHL Pathological Image Classification Based on Hierarchical Local Information and GoogLeNet-Based Representations. Biomed Res Int. 2019; 2019: 1065652.
8. Bowzyk Al-Naeeb A, Ajithkumar T, Behan S et al. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. BMJ. 2018; 362: k3204.
9. Xie W, Medeiros LJ, Li S et al. PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway and Its Blockade in Patients with Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Large-Cell Lymphomas. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2020; 15(4): 372-81.
10. Lulla P, Heslop HE. Checkpoint inhibition and cellular immunotherapy in lymphoma. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2016; 2016(1): 390-6.
11. Illidge T, Specht L, Yahalom J et al.; International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group. Modern radiation therapy for nodal non-Hodgkin lymphom-target definition and dose guidelines from the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014; 89(1): 49-58.
12. Tun AM, Ansell SM. Immunotherapy in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Innate, adaptive and targeted immunological strategies. Cancer Treat Rev. 2020; 88: 102042.
13. Wiemann B, Starnes CO. Coley’s toxins, tumor necrosis factor and cancer research: a historical perspective. Pharmacol Ther. 1994; 64(3): 529-64.
14. Loughlin KR. William B. Coley: His Hypothesis, His Toxin, and the Birth of Immunotherapy. Urol Clin North Am. 2020; 47(4): 413-7.
15. Duell J, Westin J. The future of immunotherapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Int J Cancer. 2025; 156(2): 251-61.
16. Zhang J, Jin S, Guo X et al. Targeting the CD47-SIRPα signaling axis: current studies on B-cell lymphoma immunotherapy. J Int Med Res. 2018; 46(11): 4418-26.
17. Russ A, Hua AB, Montfort WR et al. Blocking “don’t eat me” signal of CD47-SIRPα in hematological malignancies, an in-depth review. Blood Rev. 2018; 32(6): 480-9.
18. Shen YG, Ji MM, Yi HM et al. CD47 overexpression is related to tumour-associated macrophage infiltration and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma progression. Clin Transl Med. 2024; 14(1): e1532.
19. Xiao A, Akilov OE. Targeting the CD47-SIRPα Axis: Present Therapies and the Future for Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma. Cells. 2022; 11(22): 3591.
20. Zeller T, Lutz S, Münnich IA et al. Dual checkpoint blockade of CD47 and LILRB1 enhances CD20 antibody-dependent phagocytosis of lymphoma cells by macrophages. Front Immunol. 2022; 13: 929339.
21. Zhu D, Hadjivassiliou H, Jennings C et al. CC-96673 (BMS-986358), an affinity-tuned anti-CD47 and CD20 bispecific antibody with fully functional fc, selectively targets and depletes non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. MAbs. 2024; 16(1): 2310248.
22. Aroldi A, Mauri M, Ramazzotti D et al. Effects of blocking CD24 and CD47 “don’t eat me” signals in combination with rituximab in mantle-cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. J Cell Mol Med. 2023; 27(20): 3053-64.
23. Biedermann A, Patra-Kneuer M, Mougiakakos D et al. Blockade of the CD47/SIRPα checkpoint axis potentiates the macrophage-mediated anti-tumor efficacy of tafasitamab. Haematologica. 2024; 109: 3928-40.
24. Qin L, Li Y, Zeng R et al. A novel anti-CD47 antibody with therapeutic potential for NK/T-cell lymphoma. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2024; 20(1): 2408088.
25. Nguyen OTP, Lara S, Ferro G et al. Rituximab-IgG2 is a phagocytic enhancer in antibody-based immunotherapy of B-cell lymphoma by altering CD47 expression. Front Immunol. 2024; 15: 1483617.
26. Yang J, Song Y, Zhou K et al. Safety and efficacy of amulirafusp alfa (IMM0306), a fusion protein of CD20 monoclonal antibody with the CD47 binding domain of SIRPα, in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a phase 1/2 study. J Hematol Oncol. 2024; 17(1): 123.
27. Bikorimana J-PP, El-Hachem N, Moreau M et al. Intratumoral administration of unconjugated AccumTM impairs the growth of pre-established solid lymphoma tumors. Cancer Sci. 2023; 114(12): 4499-510.
28. Khurana S, Heckman MG, Craig FE et al. Evaluation of Novel Targets, Including CC-Chemokine Receptor 4, in Adult T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/ Lymphoma: A Mayo Clinic Clinical and Pathologic Study. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2024; 148(4): 471-5.
29. Willingham SB, Volkmer JP, Gentles AJ et al. The CD47-signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa) interaction is a therapeutic target for human solid tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012; 109(17): 6662-7.
30. Masroni MSB, Leong SM, Cheng H et al. miR-101-5p modulation of CD47 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Implications for anti-CD47 immunotherapy and prognostication. Br J Haematol. 2024; 204(2): 730-4.
31. Hayat SMG, Bianconi V, Pirro M et al. CD47: role in the immune system and application to cancer therapy. Cell Oncol (Dordr). 2020; 43(1): 19-30.
32. Liu J, Wang L, Zhao F et al. Pre-Clinical Development of a Humanized Anti-CD47 Antibody with Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Potential. PLoS One. 2015; 10(9): e0137345.
33. Sikic BI, Lakhani N, Patnaik A et al. First-in-Human, First-in-Class Phase I Trial of the Anti-CD47 Antibody Hu5F9-G4 in Patients With Advanced Cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2019; 37(12): 946-53.
34. Advani R, Flinn I, Popplewell L et al. CD47 Blockade by Hu5F9-G4 and Rituximab in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379(18): 1711-21.
35. Li S, Chen D, Yang Y et al. Combining CD38 antibody with CD47 blockade is a promising strategy for treating hematologic malignancies expressing CD38. Front Immunol. 2024; 15: 1398508.
36. Piccione EC, Juarez S, Liu J et al. A bispecific antibody targeting CD47 and CD20 selectively binds and eliminates dual antigen expressing lymphoma cells. MAbs. 2015; 7(5): 946-56.
37. Han Z, Wu X, Qin H et al. Blockade of the Immune Checkpoint CD47 by TTI-621 Potentiates the Response to Anti-PD-L1 in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol. 2023; 143(8): 1569-78.e5.
38. Johnson LDS, Banerjee S, Kruglov O et al. Targeting CD47 in Sézary syndrome with SIRPαFc. Blood Adv. 2019; 3(7): 1145-53.
39. Sagawa M, Shimizu T, Fukushima N et al. A new disulfide-linked dimer of a single-chain antibody fragment against human CD47 induces apoptosis in lymphoid malignant cells via the hypoxia inducible factor-1α pathway. Cancer Sci. 2011; 102(6): 1208-15.
40. Wiktorin HG, Aydin E, Hellstrand K et al. NOX2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020; 2020: 7095902.
41. Bessède E, Copie-Bergman C, Lehours P et al. Is elevated gastric tissue NOX2 associated with lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012; 16(11): 1205-11.
42. Akhiani AA, Hallner A, Kiffin R et al. Idelalisib Rescues Natural Killer Cells from Monocyte-Induced Immunosuppression by Inhibiting NOX2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species. Cancer Immunol Res. 2020; 8(12): 1532-41.
43. Lampson BL, Kim HT, Davids MS et al. Efficacy results of a phase 2 trial of first-line idelalisib plus ofatumumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood Adv. 2019; 3(7): 1167-74.
44. Ryu CH, Kim SH, Hur DY. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor induces apoptosis on Epstein-Barr virus positive B lymphoma cells. Anat Cell Biol. 2020; 53(4): 471-80.
45. Muntasell A, Ochoa MC, Cordeiro L et al. Targeting NK-cell checkpoints for cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol. 2017; 45: 73-81.
46. Principles of cancer immunotherapy - UpToDate. https://tinyurl.com/52zwz9k7.
47. Blunt MD, Vallejo Pulido A, Fisher JG et al. KIR2DS2 Expression Identifies NK Cells With Enhanced Anticancer Activity. J Immunol. 2022; 209(2): 379-90.
48. Decroos A, Cheminant M, Bruneau J et al. KIR3DL2 may represent a novel therapeutic target in aggressive systemic peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Haematologica. 2023; 108(10): 2830-6.
49. Cheminant M, Lhermitte L, Bruneau J et al. KIR3DL2 contributes to the typing of acute adult T-cell leukemia and is a potential therapeutic target. Blood. 2022; 140(13): 1522-32.
50. Muriuki BM, Forconi CS, Kirwa EK et al. Evaluation of KIR3DL1/KIR3DS1 allelic polymorphisms in Kenyan children with endemic Burkitt lymphoma. PLoS One. 2023; 18(8): e0275046.
51. MacFarlane AW, Jillab M, Smith MR et al. NK cell dysfunction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is associated with loss of the mature cells expressing inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors. Oncoimmunology. 2017; 6(7): e1330235.
52. Armand P, Lesokhin A, Borrello I et al. A phase 1b study of dual PD-1 and CTLA-4 or KIR blockade in patients with relapsed/refractory lymphoid malignancies. Leukemia. 2021; 35(3): 777-86.
53. Ribeiro ML, Profitós-Pelejà N, Santos JC et al. G protein-coupled receptor 183 mediates the sensitization of Burkitt lymphoma tumors to CD47 immune checkpoint blockade by anti-CD20/PI3Kδi dual therapy. Front Immunol. 2023; 14: 1130052.