Mechanizmy hipotensyjnego działania statyn Artykuł przeglądowy
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Opublikowane:
mar 31, 2009
Słowa kluczowe:
nadciśnienie tętnicze, statyny, układ współczulny
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstrakt
W pracy omówiono pozahipolipemizujące działania statyn. Wskazano, że leki mogą wpływać na wysokość ciśnienia tętniczego krwi. Przedstawiono mechanizmy działania statyn mogące mieć wpływ na redukcję ciśnienia tętniczego. Podkreślono możliwość wpływu statyn na ciśnienie poprzez hamowanie aktywności współczulnej.
Pobrania
Dane pobrania nie są jeszcze dostepne
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Jak cytować
Bidiuk , J., & Siński , M. (2009). Mechanizmy hipotensyjnego działania statyn . Kardiologia W Praktyce, 3(1), 32-38. Pobrano z https://www.journalsmededu.pl/index.php/kwp/article/view/1669
Numer
Dział
Artykuły
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
Bibliografia
1. Endo A., Kuroda M., Tsujita Y.: ML-236A, ML-236B, and ML-236C, new inhibitors of cholesterogenesis produced by Penicillium citrinum. J. Antibiot. (Japan) 1976, 29: 1346-1348.
2. Endo A.: The discovery and development of HMG-Coa reductase inhibitors. J. Lipid. Res. 1992, 33: 1569- 1582.
3. Brown A.G., Smale T.C., King T.J. et al.: Crystal and molecular structure of compactin, a new antifungal metabolite from Penicillinum brevicompactum. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin. I. 1976, 11: 1165-1170.
4. Dujovne C.A.: New lipid lowering drugs and new effects of old drugs. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 1997, 8: 362-368.
5. Farnier M., Davignon J.: Current and future treatment of hyperlipidemia: the role of statins. Am. J. Cardiol. 1998, 82: 3J-10J.
6. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group: MRC/BHF: Heart protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 360: 7-22.
7. Sacks F.M., Pfeffer M.A., Moye L.A. et al.: The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996 Oct 3, 335(14): 1001-9.
8. Goldstein J.I., Brown M.S.: Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature 1990, 343: 425-430.
9. Aikawa M., Voglic S.J., Rabkin E. et al.: An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (cerivastatin) suppresses accumulation of macrophages expressing matrix metalloproteinases and tisuue factor in atheroma of WHHL rabbits. Circulation 2001, 16,103(2): 276-283.
10. Bustos C., Hernandez-Presa M.A, Ortego M. et al.: HMG-CoA reductase inhibition by atorvastatin reduces neointimal inflammation in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1998, 32: 2057-2064.
11. Rosenson R.S., Tangney C.C., Casey L.C.: Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production by pravastatin. Lancet 1999, 353(9157): 983-984.
12. Notarbartolo A., Davi G., Averna M. et al.: Inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis and platelet function by simvastatin in type IIa hypercholesterolaemia. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1995, 15: 247-251.
13. Essing M., Nguyen G., Prie D. et al.: 3-hydroxy-3methyloglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors increase fibrynolitic activity in rat aortic endothelial cells. Role of Geranylgeranylation and Rho proteins. Circ. Res. 1998, 83: 683-690.
14. Bourcier T., Libby P.: HMG CoA reductase inhibitors reduce plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2000, 20: 556-562.
15. Orem C., Orem A., Uydu H.A. et al.: The effects od lipid lowering therapy on low- density lipoproteid auto- antibodies: relationship with lowdensity lipoproteid oxidation and plasma total antioxidant status. Corn. Artery Dis. 2002, 13: 65-71.
16. Inoue T., Hayashi M., Takayanagi K. et al.: Lipid lowering therapy with fluwastatin inhibits oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein and improves vascular endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic patients. Atherosclerosis 2002, 160: 369-376.
17. Darresh S., Martin E., Walsh R. et al.: Differential effects of lipid-lowering agents on human cholinesterases. Clin. Biochem. 2004, 37: 42-49.
18. De Sutter J., Tavernier R., De Buyzere M. et al.: Lipid lowering drugs and recurrences of life- threatening ventricular arrhythmias in high- risk patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2000 Sep, 36(3): 766-72.
19. Boos C.J., Anderson R.A., Lip G.Y.: Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory disorder? Eur. Heart J. 2006, 27: 136-149.
20. Julius S., Jamerson K., Mejia A. et al.: The association of borderline hypertension with target organ changes and higher coronary risk. Tecumseh Blood Pressure study. JAMA 1990, 264: 354-358.
21. Borghi C., Bacchelli S., Degli Esposti D. et al.: Pressor and metabolic correlates to long-term development of stable hypertension in borderline hypertensive patients [abstract]. J. Hypertens. 1997, 15: S111.
22. Goode G.K., Miller J.P., Heagerty A.M.: Hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. Lancet 1995, 345: 362-364.
23. Glorioso N., Troffa C., Filigheddu F. et al.: Effect of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and primary hypercholesterolemia. Hypertension 1999, 34: 1281-60.
24. Tonolo G., Melis M.G., Formato M. et al.: Additive effects of simvastatin beyond its effects on LDL cholesterol in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2000, 11: 980-987.
25. Velussi M., Cernigoi A.M., Tortul C. et al.: Atrovastatin for the management of type-2 diabetic patients with dyslipidemia. A mid-term (9- month) treatment experience. Diabetes Nutr. Metab. 1999, 12: 407-412.
26. Sposito A.C., Mansur A.P., Coelho O.R. et al.: Additional reduction in blood pressure after cholesterol-lowering treatment by statins (lovastatin or pravastatin) in hypercholesterolemic patients using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (enalapril or lisinopril). Am. J. Cardiol. 1999, 83: 1497-1499.
27. Borghi C., Prandin M.G., Costa F.V. et al.: Use of statins and blood pressure control in hypertensive patients with hypercholesterolemia. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2000, 35: 549-555.
28. Sever P.S., Dahlif B., Poulter N.R. et al. (for the ASCOT investigators): Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo- Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial- Lipid lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2003, 361: 1149-1158.
29. Dahlof B., Poulter N., Sever P.S.: Do statins lower blood pressure? Evidence from the Anglo- Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid-Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA) [abstract]. Circulation 2004, 110: 402.
30. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group: Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT- LLT). JAMA 2002, 288: 2998-3007.
31. Golomb B.A., Dimsdale J.E., White H.L. et al.: Reduction in blood pressure with statins. Arch. Intern. Med. 2008, 168: 721-727.
32. Strazzulo P., Kerry S.M., Barbato A., Versiero M., D’Elia L., Cappuccio F.P.: Do statins reduce blood pressure? A metaanalysis of randomised, controlled trials. Hypertension 2007, 49: 792-798.
33. Ikeda T., Sakurai J., Nakayama D. et al.: Pravastatin has an additional depressor effect in patients undergoing long-term treatment with antihypertensive drugs. Am. J. Hypertens. 2004, 17: 502-506.
34. Derosa G., Mugellini A., Ciccarelli L., Fogari R.: Randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled comparison of the action of orlistat, fluvastatin or both, on anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and lipid profile in obese patients with hypercholesterolemia prescribed a standardized diet. Clin. Ther. 2003, 25: 1107-1122.
35. Straznicky N.E., Howes L.G., Lam W. et al.: Effects of pravastatin on cardiovascular reactivity to norepinephrine and angiotensin II in patients with hypercholesterolemia and systemic hypertension. Am. J. Cardiol. 1995, 75: 582-586.
36. Kool M., Lustermans F., Kragten H., Struijker Boudier H. et al.: Does lowering of cholesterol levels influence functional properties of large arteries? Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1995, 48: 217-223.
37. Lee T.M., Chou T.F., Tsai C.H.: Association of pravastatin and left ventricular mass in hypercholesterolemic patients: role of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2_formation. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2002, 40: 868-874.
38. O’Callaghan C.J., Krum H., Conway E.L., Lam W., Skiba M.A., Howes L.G., Louis W.J.: Short term effects of pravastatin on blood pressure in hypercholesterolaemic hypertensive patients. Blood Pressure 1994, 3: 404-406.
39. Bak A.A., Huizer J., Leijten P.A., Rila H., Grobbee D.E.: Diet and pravastatin in moderate hypercholesterolaemia: a randomized trial in 215 middle-aged men free from cardiovascular disease. J. Intern. Med. 1998, 244: 371-378.
40. Shige H., Dart A., Nestel P.: Simvastatin improves arterial compliance in the lower limb but not in the aorta. Atherosclerosis 2001, 155: 245-250.
41. Hommel E., Andersen P., Gall M.A., Nielsen F., Jensen B., Rossing P., Dyerberg J., Parving H.H.: Plasma lipoproteins and renal function during simvastatin treatment in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1992, 35: 447-451.
42. McDowell I.F., Smye M., Trinick T. et al.: Simvastatin in severe hypercholesterolaemia: a placebo controlled trial. Br. J. Clin. Pharmac. 1991, 31: 340-343.
43. Tonolo G., Ciccarese M., Brizzi P. et al.: Reduction of albumin excretion rate in normotensive microalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients during long-term simvastatin treatment. Diabetes Care 1997, 20: 1891-1895.
44. Koh K.K., Quon M.J., Han S.H. et al.: Additive beneficial effects of losartan combined with simvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients. Circulation 2004, 110: 3687-3692.
45. Nakamura T., Ushiyama C., Hirokawa K. et al.: Effect of cerivastatin on urinary albumin excretion and plasma endothelin-1 concentrations in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria and dyslipidemia. Am. J. Nephrol. 2001, 21: 449-454.
46. Balletshofer B.M., Goebbel S., Rittig K. et al.: Intense cholesterol lowering therapy with a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor does not improve nitric oxide dependent endothelial function in type-2-diabetes—a multicenter, randomised, double-blind, three-arm placebo-controlled clinical trial. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 2005, 113: 324-330.
47. Ferrier K.E., Muhlmann M.H., Baguet J.P. et al.: Intensive cholesterol reduction lowers blood pressure and large artery stiffness in isolated systolic hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002, 39: 1020-1025.
48. Fogari R., Derosa G., Lazzari P. et al.: Effect of amlodipine-atorvastatin combination on fibrinolysis in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic patients with insulin resistance. Am. J. Hypertens. 2004, 17: 823-827.
49. Jenkins D.J., Kendall C.W., Marchie A. et al.: Effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterollowering foods vs Lovastatin on serum lipids and C-reactive protein. JAMA 2003, 290: 502-510.
50. Golomb B.A., Ritchie J.B., Criqui M.H., Dimsdale J.E.: Statins lower blood pressure: results from the UCSD Statin Study [abstract]. Circulation 2004, 110: 402.
51. Egashira K., Hirooka Y., Kai H. et al.: Reduction in serum cholesterol with pravastatin improves endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 1994, 89: 2519-2524.
52. O’Driscoll G., Green D., Taylor R.R.: Simvastatin, an HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function within 1 month. Circulation 1997, 95: 1126-1131.
53. Lewis T.V., Cooper B.A., Dart A.M. et al.: Responses to endothelium-dependent agonists in subcutaneous arteries excised from hypercholesterolaemic men. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 124: 222-228.
54. Laufs U., La Fata V., Plutzky J., Lioa J.K. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 1998, 97(12): 1129-1135.
55. Kaesemeyer W.H., Caldwell R.B., Huang J. Caldwell R.W.: Pravastatin sodium activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase independent of its cholesterol-lowering actions. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1999, 33: 234-241.
56. Tsao P.S., McEvoy L.M., Drexler H., Butcher E.C., Cooke J.P.: Enhance endothelial adhesiveness in hipercholesterolemia is attenuated by L-arginine. Circulation 1994, 89: 2176-2182.
57. Radomski M.W., Palmer R.M., Moncada S.: An L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway present in humans platelets regulates aggregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990, 87: 5193- 5197.
58. Garg U.C., Hassie A.: Nitric oxide-generating vasodilatators and 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophospahte inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation cultured rats vascular smooth cells. J. Clin. Incest. 1989, 83: 1774-1777.
59. Tanner F.C., Noll G., Boulanger C.M., Lucher T.F.: Oxidized low density lipoproteins inhibit relaxation of porcine coronary arterie: role of scavenger receptor and endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Circulation 1991, 83: 2012-2020.
60. Cox D.A., Cohen M.L.: Effects of oxidized low-density lipoprotein on vascular contraction and relaxation: clinical and pharmacological implications in atherosclerosis. Pharmacol. Rev. 1996, 48: 3-19.
61. Hernandez-Perera O., Perez-Sala D., Navarro-Antolin J. et al.: Effects of 3-Hydroxy-3- methyloglutarul-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Atorvastatin and Smivastatin, on the Expression of Endothelin-1 and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Vascular Endothelial Cells. J. Clin. Invest. 1998 June 15, 101(12): 2711-2719.
62. Nickening G., Sachinidis A., Michaelsen F. et al.: Upregulation of vascular angiotensin II receptor gene expression by low-density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation 1997, 95(2): 473-478.
63. Borghi C., Veronesi M., Prandin M.G., Dormi A., Ambrosioni E.: Statins and blood pressure regulation. Current Hypertension Reports 2001, 3: 281-288.
64. Nickening G., Baumer A.T., Temur Y. et al.: Statin-sensitive dysregulated AT1 receptor function and density in hyperholesterolemic men. Circulation 1999, 100: 2131-2134.
65. Ide H., Fujiya S., Aanuma Y. et al.: Effects of simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on plasma lipids and steroid hormones. Clin. Ther. 1990, 12(5): 410-420.
66. Warnholtz A., Nickening G., Schulz E., Macharzina R., Brasen J., Skatchov M., Heitzer T., Stasch J., Griendling K., Harrison D., Bohm M., Meinertz T., Munzel T.: Increased NADH- Oxidase- Mediated Superoxide Production in the Early Stages of Atherosclerosis. Circulation 1999, 99: 2027-2033.
67. Weidner G., Sexton G., McLellarn R., Connor S.L., Matarazzo J.D.: The role of type A behavior and hostility in an elevation of plasma lipids in adult women and men. Psychosom. Med. 1987, 49: 136-145.
68. Johnson E.H., Collier P., Nazzaro P., Gilbert D.C.: Psychological and physiological predictors of lipids in black males. J. Behav. Med. 1992, 15: 285-298.
69. Pliquett R.U., Cornish K.G., Peuler J.D., Zucker I.H.: Simvastatin normalized autonomic neural control in experimental heart failure. Circulation 2003, 107: 2493-2498.
70. Sinski M., Lewandowski J., Bidiuk J. et al.: Atorvastatin reduces sympathetic activity and increases baroreceptor sensitivity in patients with hypercholesterolemia and primary hypertension. Abstract. ESH Meeting, Berlin 2008.
71. Welzig M., Shin D., Park H., Kim Y., Saul P., Galper J.: Lipid Lowering by Pravastatin Increases Parasympathetic Modulation of Heart Rate: G[alpha]i2, a Possible Molecular Marker for Parasympathetic Responsiveness. Circulation 2003, 108(22): 2743-2746.
72. La Rovere M.T., Bigger J.T.J., Marcus F.I.: Baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability in prediction of total cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1998, 351: 478-84.
73. Patterson D., Dick J.B.C., Struthers A.D.: Intensive statin treatment improves baroreflex sensitivity: another cardioprotective mechanism for statins? Heart 2002, 88(4): 415-416.
2. Endo A.: The discovery and development of HMG-Coa reductase inhibitors. J. Lipid. Res. 1992, 33: 1569- 1582.
3. Brown A.G., Smale T.C., King T.J. et al.: Crystal and molecular structure of compactin, a new antifungal metabolite from Penicillinum brevicompactum. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin. I. 1976, 11: 1165-1170.
4. Dujovne C.A.: New lipid lowering drugs and new effects of old drugs. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 1997, 8: 362-368.
5. Farnier M., Davignon J.: Current and future treatment of hyperlipidemia: the role of statins. Am. J. Cardiol. 1998, 82: 3J-10J.
6. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group: MRC/BHF: Heart protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 360: 7-22.
7. Sacks F.M., Pfeffer M.A., Moye L.A. et al.: The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996 Oct 3, 335(14): 1001-9.
8. Goldstein J.I., Brown M.S.: Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature 1990, 343: 425-430.
9. Aikawa M., Voglic S.J., Rabkin E. et al.: An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (cerivastatin) suppresses accumulation of macrophages expressing matrix metalloproteinases and tisuue factor in atheroma of WHHL rabbits. Circulation 2001, 16,103(2): 276-283.
10. Bustos C., Hernandez-Presa M.A, Ortego M. et al.: HMG-CoA reductase inhibition by atorvastatin reduces neointimal inflammation in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1998, 32: 2057-2064.
11. Rosenson R.S., Tangney C.C., Casey L.C.: Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production by pravastatin. Lancet 1999, 353(9157): 983-984.
12. Notarbartolo A., Davi G., Averna M. et al.: Inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis and platelet function by simvastatin in type IIa hypercholesterolaemia. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1995, 15: 247-251.
13. Essing M., Nguyen G., Prie D. et al.: 3-hydroxy-3methyloglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors increase fibrynolitic activity in rat aortic endothelial cells. Role of Geranylgeranylation and Rho proteins. Circ. Res. 1998, 83: 683-690.
14. Bourcier T., Libby P.: HMG CoA reductase inhibitors reduce plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2000, 20: 556-562.
15. Orem C., Orem A., Uydu H.A. et al.: The effects od lipid lowering therapy on low- density lipoproteid auto- antibodies: relationship with lowdensity lipoproteid oxidation and plasma total antioxidant status. Corn. Artery Dis. 2002, 13: 65-71.
16. Inoue T., Hayashi M., Takayanagi K. et al.: Lipid lowering therapy with fluwastatin inhibits oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein and improves vascular endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic patients. Atherosclerosis 2002, 160: 369-376.
17. Darresh S., Martin E., Walsh R. et al.: Differential effects of lipid-lowering agents on human cholinesterases. Clin. Biochem. 2004, 37: 42-49.
18. De Sutter J., Tavernier R., De Buyzere M. et al.: Lipid lowering drugs and recurrences of life- threatening ventricular arrhythmias in high- risk patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2000 Sep, 36(3): 766-72.
19. Boos C.J., Anderson R.A., Lip G.Y.: Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory disorder? Eur. Heart J. 2006, 27: 136-149.
20. Julius S., Jamerson K., Mejia A. et al.: The association of borderline hypertension with target organ changes and higher coronary risk. Tecumseh Blood Pressure study. JAMA 1990, 264: 354-358.
21. Borghi C., Bacchelli S., Degli Esposti D. et al.: Pressor and metabolic correlates to long-term development of stable hypertension in borderline hypertensive patients [abstract]. J. Hypertens. 1997, 15: S111.
22. Goode G.K., Miller J.P., Heagerty A.M.: Hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. Lancet 1995, 345: 362-364.
23. Glorioso N., Troffa C., Filigheddu F. et al.: Effect of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and primary hypercholesterolemia. Hypertension 1999, 34: 1281-60.
24. Tonolo G., Melis M.G., Formato M. et al.: Additive effects of simvastatin beyond its effects on LDL cholesterol in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2000, 11: 980-987.
25. Velussi M., Cernigoi A.M., Tortul C. et al.: Atrovastatin for the management of type-2 diabetic patients with dyslipidemia. A mid-term (9- month) treatment experience. Diabetes Nutr. Metab. 1999, 12: 407-412.
26. Sposito A.C., Mansur A.P., Coelho O.R. et al.: Additional reduction in blood pressure after cholesterol-lowering treatment by statins (lovastatin or pravastatin) in hypercholesterolemic patients using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (enalapril or lisinopril). Am. J. Cardiol. 1999, 83: 1497-1499.
27. Borghi C., Prandin M.G., Costa F.V. et al.: Use of statins and blood pressure control in hypertensive patients with hypercholesterolemia. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2000, 35: 549-555.
28. Sever P.S., Dahlif B., Poulter N.R. et al. (for the ASCOT investigators): Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo- Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial- Lipid lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2003, 361: 1149-1158.
29. Dahlof B., Poulter N., Sever P.S.: Do statins lower blood pressure? Evidence from the Anglo- Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid-Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA) [abstract]. Circulation 2004, 110: 402.
30. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group: Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT- LLT). JAMA 2002, 288: 2998-3007.
31. Golomb B.A., Dimsdale J.E., White H.L. et al.: Reduction in blood pressure with statins. Arch. Intern. Med. 2008, 168: 721-727.
32. Strazzulo P., Kerry S.M., Barbato A., Versiero M., D’Elia L., Cappuccio F.P.: Do statins reduce blood pressure? A metaanalysis of randomised, controlled trials. Hypertension 2007, 49: 792-798.
33. Ikeda T., Sakurai J., Nakayama D. et al.: Pravastatin has an additional depressor effect in patients undergoing long-term treatment with antihypertensive drugs. Am. J. Hypertens. 2004, 17: 502-506.
34. Derosa G., Mugellini A., Ciccarelli L., Fogari R.: Randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled comparison of the action of orlistat, fluvastatin or both, on anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and lipid profile in obese patients with hypercholesterolemia prescribed a standardized diet. Clin. Ther. 2003, 25: 1107-1122.
35. Straznicky N.E., Howes L.G., Lam W. et al.: Effects of pravastatin on cardiovascular reactivity to norepinephrine and angiotensin II in patients with hypercholesterolemia and systemic hypertension. Am. J. Cardiol. 1995, 75: 582-586.
36. Kool M., Lustermans F., Kragten H., Struijker Boudier H. et al.: Does lowering of cholesterol levels influence functional properties of large arteries? Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1995, 48: 217-223.
37. Lee T.M., Chou T.F., Tsai C.H.: Association of pravastatin and left ventricular mass in hypercholesterolemic patients: role of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2_formation. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2002, 40: 868-874.
38. O’Callaghan C.J., Krum H., Conway E.L., Lam W., Skiba M.A., Howes L.G., Louis W.J.: Short term effects of pravastatin on blood pressure in hypercholesterolaemic hypertensive patients. Blood Pressure 1994, 3: 404-406.
39. Bak A.A., Huizer J., Leijten P.A., Rila H., Grobbee D.E.: Diet and pravastatin in moderate hypercholesterolaemia: a randomized trial in 215 middle-aged men free from cardiovascular disease. J. Intern. Med. 1998, 244: 371-378.
40. Shige H., Dart A., Nestel P.: Simvastatin improves arterial compliance in the lower limb but not in the aorta. Atherosclerosis 2001, 155: 245-250.
41. Hommel E., Andersen P., Gall M.A., Nielsen F., Jensen B., Rossing P., Dyerberg J., Parving H.H.: Plasma lipoproteins and renal function during simvastatin treatment in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1992, 35: 447-451.
42. McDowell I.F., Smye M., Trinick T. et al.: Simvastatin in severe hypercholesterolaemia: a placebo controlled trial. Br. J. Clin. Pharmac. 1991, 31: 340-343.
43. Tonolo G., Ciccarese M., Brizzi P. et al.: Reduction of albumin excretion rate in normotensive microalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients during long-term simvastatin treatment. Diabetes Care 1997, 20: 1891-1895.
44. Koh K.K., Quon M.J., Han S.H. et al.: Additive beneficial effects of losartan combined with simvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients. Circulation 2004, 110: 3687-3692.
45. Nakamura T., Ushiyama C., Hirokawa K. et al.: Effect of cerivastatin on urinary albumin excretion and plasma endothelin-1 concentrations in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria and dyslipidemia. Am. J. Nephrol. 2001, 21: 449-454.
46. Balletshofer B.M., Goebbel S., Rittig K. et al.: Intense cholesterol lowering therapy with a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor does not improve nitric oxide dependent endothelial function in type-2-diabetes—a multicenter, randomised, double-blind, three-arm placebo-controlled clinical trial. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 2005, 113: 324-330.
47. Ferrier K.E., Muhlmann M.H., Baguet J.P. et al.: Intensive cholesterol reduction lowers blood pressure and large artery stiffness in isolated systolic hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002, 39: 1020-1025.
48. Fogari R., Derosa G., Lazzari P. et al.: Effect of amlodipine-atorvastatin combination on fibrinolysis in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic patients with insulin resistance. Am. J. Hypertens. 2004, 17: 823-827.
49. Jenkins D.J., Kendall C.W., Marchie A. et al.: Effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterollowering foods vs Lovastatin on serum lipids and C-reactive protein. JAMA 2003, 290: 502-510.
50. Golomb B.A., Ritchie J.B., Criqui M.H., Dimsdale J.E.: Statins lower blood pressure: results from the UCSD Statin Study [abstract]. Circulation 2004, 110: 402.
51. Egashira K., Hirooka Y., Kai H. et al.: Reduction in serum cholesterol with pravastatin improves endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 1994, 89: 2519-2524.
52. O’Driscoll G., Green D., Taylor R.R.: Simvastatin, an HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function within 1 month. Circulation 1997, 95: 1126-1131.
53. Lewis T.V., Cooper B.A., Dart A.M. et al.: Responses to endothelium-dependent agonists in subcutaneous arteries excised from hypercholesterolaemic men. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 124: 222-228.
54. Laufs U., La Fata V., Plutzky J., Lioa J.K. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 1998, 97(12): 1129-1135.
55. Kaesemeyer W.H., Caldwell R.B., Huang J. Caldwell R.W.: Pravastatin sodium activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase independent of its cholesterol-lowering actions. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1999, 33: 234-241.
56. Tsao P.S., McEvoy L.M., Drexler H., Butcher E.C., Cooke J.P.: Enhance endothelial adhesiveness in hipercholesterolemia is attenuated by L-arginine. Circulation 1994, 89: 2176-2182.
57. Radomski M.W., Palmer R.M., Moncada S.: An L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway present in humans platelets regulates aggregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990, 87: 5193- 5197.
58. Garg U.C., Hassie A.: Nitric oxide-generating vasodilatators and 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophospahte inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation cultured rats vascular smooth cells. J. Clin. Incest. 1989, 83: 1774-1777.
59. Tanner F.C., Noll G., Boulanger C.M., Lucher T.F.: Oxidized low density lipoproteins inhibit relaxation of porcine coronary arterie: role of scavenger receptor and endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Circulation 1991, 83: 2012-2020.
60. Cox D.A., Cohen M.L.: Effects of oxidized low-density lipoprotein on vascular contraction and relaxation: clinical and pharmacological implications in atherosclerosis. Pharmacol. Rev. 1996, 48: 3-19.
61. Hernandez-Perera O., Perez-Sala D., Navarro-Antolin J. et al.: Effects of 3-Hydroxy-3- methyloglutarul-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Atorvastatin and Smivastatin, on the Expression of Endothelin-1 and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Vascular Endothelial Cells. J. Clin. Invest. 1998 June 15, 101(12): 2711-2719.
62. Nickening G., Sachinidis A., Michaelsen F. et al.: Upregulation of vascular angiotensin II receptor gene expression by low-density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation 1997, 95(2): 473-478.
63. Borghi C., Veronesi M., Prandin M.G., Dormi A., Ambrosioni E.: Statins and blood pressure regulation. Current Hypertension Reports 2001, 3: 281-288.
64. Nickening G., Baumer A.T., Temur Y. et al.: Statin-sensitive dysregulated AT1 receptor function and density in hyperholesterolemic men. Circulation 1999, 100: 2131-2134.
65. Ide H., Fujiya S., Aanuma Y. et al.: Effects of simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on plasma lipids and steroid hormones. Clin. Ther. 1990, 12(5): 410-420.
66. Warnholtz A., Nickening G., Schulz E., Macharzina R., Brasen J., Skatchov M., Heitzer T., Stasch J., Griendling K., Harrison D., Bohm M., Meinertz T., Munzel T.: Increased NADH- Oxidase- Mediated Superoxide Production in the Early Stages of Atherosclerosis. Circulation 1999, 99: 2027-2033.
67. Weidner G., Sexton G., McLellarn R., Connor S.L., Matarazzo J.D.: The role of type A behavior and hostility in an elevation of plasma lipids in adult women and men. Psychosom. Med. 1987, 49: 136-145.
68. Johnson E.H., Collier P., Nazzaro P., Gilbert D.C.: Psychological and physiological predictors of lipids in black males. J. Behav. Med. 1992, 15: 285-298.
69. Pliquett R.U., Cornish K.G., Peuler J.D., Zucker I.H.: Simvastatin normalized autonomic neural control in experimental heart failure. Circulation 2003, 107: 2493-2498.
70. Sinski M., Lewandowski J., Bidiuk J. et al.: Atorvastatin reduces sympathetic activity and increases baroreceptor sensitivity in patients with hypercholesterolemia and primary hypertension. Abstract. ESH Meeting, Berlin 2008.
71. Welzig M., Shin D., Park H., Kim Y., Saul P., Galper J.: Lipid Lowering by Pravastatin Increases Parasympathetic Modulation of Heart Rate: G[alpha]i2, a Possible Molecular Marker for Parasympathetic Responsiveness. Circulation 2003, 108(22): 2743-2746.
72. La Rovere M.T., Bigger J.T.J., Marcus F.I.: Baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability in prediction of total cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1998, 351: 478-84.
73. Patterson D., Dick J.B.C., Struthers A.D.: Intensive statin treatment improves baroreflex sensitivity: another cardioprotective mechanism for statins? Heart 2002, 88(4): 415-416.