Main problems in venous thromboembolism Review article
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Published:
Dec 31, 2008
Keywords:
pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, anticoagulation
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Abstract
Misdiagnosis and treatment retardation in acute pulmonary embolism worsen patient’s prognosis. Therefore pulmonary embolism has to be taken into consideration in differential diagnosis of heart and lung diseases. This review deals with main problems in venous thromboembolism namely diagnosis, treatment of an acute phase and secondary prophylaxis.
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Kaczyńska , A. (2008). Main problems in venous thromboembolism. Cardiology in Practice, 2(4), 135-146. Retrieved from https://www.journalsmededu.pl/index.php/kwp/article/view/1671
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References
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2. Kakkar V.V., Flanc C., Howe C.T., Clarke M.B.: Natural history of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1969, 2: 230-232.
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4. Goldhaber S.Z., Visani L., De Rosa M.: Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER). Lancet 1999, 352(9162): 1386-1389.
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6. Mandelli V., Schmid C., Zogno C. et al.: ‘False negatives’ and ‘false positives’ in acute pulmonary embolism: A clinical-postmortem comparison. Cardiologia 1997, 42: 205-210.
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9. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J. 2008, 29(18): 2276-2315.
10. Stein P.D., Dalen J.E. McIntyre K.M. et al.: The electrocardiogram in acute pulmonary embolism. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 1975, 17(4): 247-257.
11. Pruszczyk P., Szulc M., Horszczaruk G., Gurba H., Kobylecka M.: Right ventricular infarction in a patient with acute pulmonary embolism and normal coronary arteries. Arch. Intern. Med. 2003, 163(9): 1110-1111.
12. Coma-Canella I., Gamallo C., Martinez Onsurbe P., Lopez-Sendon J.: Acute right ventricular infarction secondary to massive pulmonary embolism. European Heart Journal 1988, 9(5): 534-540.
13. Morpurgo M.: Pulmonary embolism. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 1994.
14. Stein P.D.: COPD, pulmonary embolism, and death. Chest 1996, 110(5): 1135-1136.
15. McIntyre K.M., Sasahara A.A.: The hemodynamic response to pulmonary embolism in patients without prior cardiopulmonary disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 1971, 28: 288-294.
16. Gallus A., Tillet A., Jackson J., Mills W., Wycherely A.: Safety and efficacy of warfarin started early after submassive venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1986, 2: 1293-1296.
17. Schmitz-Rhode T. et al.: Massive PE: percutaneous emergency treatment by pigtail rotation catheter. J. Ann. Coll. Cardiol. 2000, 36: 375-380.
18. Urokinase Pulmonary Embolism Trial (UPET). A national cooperative study. Circulation 1973, 47(supl.): 1-130.
19. Dalla-Volta S., Palla A., Santolicandro A., Giuntini C. et al.: PAIMS 2: alteplase combined with heparin versus heparin in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. Plasminogen activator Italian multicenter study 2. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1992, 20(3): 520-526.
20. Maneveau N., Schiele F., Vuillemenot A., Valette B. et al.: Streptokinase vs alteplase in massive pulmonary embolism. A randomized trial assessing right heart haemodynamics and pulmonary vascular obstruction. Eur. Heart J. 1997, 18: 1141-1148.
21. Lee A.Y.Y., Levine M.N., Baker R.I. et al. (For the CLOT Investigators): Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 349: 146-153.
22. Kucher N., Quiroz R., McKean S., Sasahara A.A., Goldhaber S.Z.: Extended enoxaparin monotherapy for acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Vasc. Med. 2005, 10(4): 251-256.
23. Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Optimum duration of anticoagulation for deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1992, 340: 873-876.
24. Schulman S., Rhedin A.S., Lindmarker P. et al.: A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after first episode of venous thromboembolism. Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995, 332: 1661-1665.
25. Levine M.N., Hirsh J., Gent M. et al.: Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy: a randomized trial comparing four weeks with three months of warfarin in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis. Thromb. Haemost. 1995, 74: 606-611.
26. Douketis J.D., Foster G.A., Crowther M.A., Prins M.H., Ginsberg J.S.: Clinical risk factors and timing of recurrent venous thromboembolism during the initial 3 months of anticoagulant therapy. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000, 160: 3431-3437.
27. Franzoni P. et al.: Thromboembolus migrating into the right heart in pulmonary embolism. Echocardiographic and clinico-therapeutic aspects in 7 cases and review of the literature. G. Ital. Cardiol. 1989, 19: 7-16.
28. Konstantinides S., Geibel A., Tiede N., Just H.: Patent foramen ovale is an important predictor of adverse outcome in patients with major pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1998, 97: 1946-1951.
29. Torbicki A., Pruszczyk P., Kurzyna M.: Pulmonary embolism: role of echocardiography and biological markers. Ital. Heart J. 2005, 6: 805-810.
30. Torbicki A., Galie N., Covezzoli A., Rossi E., Goldhaber SZ. (ICOPER study group): Right heart thrombi in pulmonary embolism. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003, 1: 2245-2251.
31. Casazza F., Roncon L., Greco F.: Pulmonary embolism: treatment of the acute episode. Ital. Heart J. 2005, 6(10): 816-823.
32. Enzweiler C. et al.: Electron beam tomography of interpulmonary saddle embolism. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2002, 26: 26-32.
33. Kaczyńska A., Pacho R., Bochowicz A. et al.: Czy zator jeździec obciąża rokowanie u chorych z ostrą zatorowością płucną? Kardiol. Pol. 2005, 62: 124-127.
34. Pruszczyk P. et al.: Short-term clinical outcome of acute saddle PE. Heart 2003, 98: 335-336.
35. Greer I.A.: Venous thromboembolism and anticoagulant therapy in pregnancy. Gend. Med. 2005, 2(supl.): S10-7.
36. De Stefano V., Martinelli I., Rossi E., Battaglioli T., Mannucci P., Leone G.: The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium without antithrombotic prophylaxis. Br. J. Haematol. 2006, 135(3): 386-391.
37. Geets W.H., Pineo G.F. Heit J.A. et al.: Prevention of venous thromboembolism. The seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest 2004, 126 (supl.): 338-400.
38. Kokturk N., Oguzulgen I.K., Demir N. et al.: Differences in clinical presentation of pulmonary embolism in older vs younger patients. Circ. J. 2005, 69(8): 981-986.
39. Stein P.D., Henry J.W.: Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism stratified according to their presenting syndromes. Chest 1997, 112: 974-979.
40. Punukollu H., Khan I.A., Punukollu G. et al.: Acute pulmonary embolism in elderly: clinical characteristic and outcome. Int. J. Cardiol. 2005, 99(2): 216-313.
41. Kelly J., Rudd A., Levis R.R. et al.: Plasma D-dimers in the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. Arch. Intern. Med. 2002, 162(7): 747-756.
42. Righini M., Le Gal G., Perrier A. et al.: The challenge of diagnosing pulmonary embolism in elderly patients: influence of age on commonly used diagnostic tests and strategies. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2005, 53(6): 1039-1045.
43. Levine M.N., Hirsh J., Landefeld S. et al.: Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment. Chest 1992, 102(4 supl.): 352-363.
2. Kakkar V.V., Flanc C., Howe C.T., Clarke M.B.: Natural history of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1969, 2: 230-232.
3. Wood K.E.: Major pulmonary embolism: review of a pathophysiologic approach to the golden hour of hemodynamically significant pulmonary embolism. Chest 2002, 121(3): 877-905.
4. Goldhaber S.Z., Visani L., De Rosa M.: Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER). Lancet 1999, 352(9162): 1386-1389.
5. Morpurgo M., Schmid C., Mandelli V.: Factors influencing the clinical diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: analysis of 229 postmortem cases. Int. J. Cardiol. 1998, 65(supl. I): S79-S82.
6. Mandelli V., Schmid C., Zogno C. et al.: ‘False negatives’ and ‘false positives’ in acute pulmonary embolism: A clinical-postmortem comparison. Cardiologia 1997, 42: 205-210.
7. Guidelines on diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Task Force on pulmonary embolism, European Society of Cardiology. Eur. Heart J. 2000, 21(16): 1301-1336.
8. Zakrzepy i zatory. Łopaciuk S. (red.). PZWL, 1996.
9. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J. 2008, 29(18): 2276-2315.
10. Stein P.D., Dalen J.E. McIntyre K.M. et al.: The electrocardiogram in acute pulmonary embolism. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 1975, 17(4): 247-257.
11. Pruszczyk P., Szulc M., Horszczaruk G., Gurba H., Kobylecka M.: Right ventricular infarction in a patient with acute pulmonary embolism and normal coronary arteries. Arch. Intern. Med. 2003, 163(9): 1110-1111.
12. Coma-Canella I., Gamallo C., Martinez Onsurbe P., Lopez-Sendon J.: Acute right ventricular infarction secondary to massive pulmonary embolism. European Heart Journal 1988, 9(5): 534-540.
13. Morpurgo M.: Pulmonary embolism. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 1994.
14. Stein P.D.: COPD, pulmonary embolism, and death. Chest 1996, 110(5): 1135-1136.
15. McIntyre K.M., Sasahara A.A.: The hemodynamic response to pulmonary embolism in patients without prior cardiopulmonary disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 1971, 28: 288-294.
16. Gallus A., Tillet A., Jackson J., Mills W., Wycherely A.: Safety and efficacy of warfarin started early after submassive venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1986, 2: 1293-1296.
17. Schmitz-Rhode T. et al.: Massive PE: percutaneous emergency treatment by pigtail rotation catheter. J. Ann. Coll. Cardiol. 2000, 36: 375-380.
18. Urokinase Pulmonary Embolism Trial (UPET). A national cooperative study. Circulation 1973, 47(supl.): 1-130.
19. Dalla-Volta S., Palla A., Santolicandro A., Giuntini C. et al.: PAIMS 2: alteplase combined with heparin versus heparin in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. Plasminogen activator Italian multicenter study 2. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1992, 20(3): 520-526.
20. Maneveau N., Schiele F., Vuillemenot A., Valette B. et al.: Streptokinase vs alteplase in massive pulmonary embolism. A randomized trial assessing right heart haemodynamics and pulmonary vascular obstruction. Eur. Heart J. 1997, 18: 1141-1148.
21. Lee A.Y.Y., Levine M.N., Baker R.I. et al. (For the CLOT Investigators): Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 349: 146-153.
22. Kucher N., Quiroz R., McKean S., Sasahara A.A., Goldhaber S.Z.: Extended enoxaparin monotherapy for acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Vasc. Med. 2005, 10(4): 251-256.
23. Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Optimum duration of anticoagulation for deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1992, 340: 873-876.
24. Schulman S., Rhedin A.S., Lindmarker P. et al.: A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after first episode of venous thromboembolism. Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995, 332: 1661-1665.
25. Levine M.N., Hirsh J., Gent M. et al.: Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy: a randomized trial comparing four weeks with three months of warfarin in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis. Thromb. Haemost. 1995, 74: 606-611.
26. Douketis J.D., Foster G.A., Crowther M.A., Prins M.H., Ginsberg J.S.: Clinical risk factors and timing of recurrent venous thromboembolism during the initial 3 months of anticoagulant therapy. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000, 160: 3431-3437.
27. Franzoni P. et al.: Thromboembolus migrating into the right heart in pulmonary embolism. Echocardiographic and clinico-therapeutic aspects in 7 cases and review of the literature. G. Ital. Cardiol. 1989, 19: 7-16.
28. Konstantinides S., Geibel A., Tiede N., Just H.: Patent foramen ovale is an important predictor of adverse outcome in patients with major pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1998, 97: 1946-1951.
29. Torbicki A., Pruszczyk P., Kurzyna M.: Pulmonary embolism: role of echocardiography and biological markers. Ital. Heart J. 2005, 6: 805-810.
30. Torbicki A., Galie N., Covezzoli A., Rossi E., Goldhaber SZ. (ICOPER study group): Right heart thrombi in pulmonary embolism. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003, 1: 2245-2251.
31. Casazza F., Roncon L., Greco F.: Pulmonary embolism: treatment of the acute episode. Ital. Heart J. 2005, 6(10): 816-823.
32. Enzweiler C. et al.: Electron beam tomography of interpulmonary saddle embolism. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2002, 26: 26-32.
33. Kaczyńska A., Pacho R., Bochowicz A. et al.: Czy zator jeździec obciąża rokowanie u chorych z ostrą zatorowością płucną? Kardiol. Pol. 2005, 62: 124-127.
34. Pruszczyk P. et al.: Short-term clinical outcome of acute saddle PE. Heart 2003, 98: 335-336.
35. Greer I.A.: Venous thromboembolism and anticoagulant therapy in pregnancy. Gend. Med. 2005, 2(supl.): S10-7.
36. De Stefano V., Martinelli I., Rossi E., Battaglioli T., Mannucci P., Leone G.: The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium without antithrombotic prophylaxis. Br. J. Haematol. 2006, 135(3): 386-391.
37. Geets W.H., Pineo G.F. Heit J.A. et al.: Prevention of venous thromboembolism. The seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest 2004, 126 (supl.): 338-400.
38. Kokturk N., Oguzulgen I.K., Demir N. et al.: Differences in clinical presentation of pulmonary embolism in older vs younger patients. Circ. J. 2005, 69(8): 981-986.
39. Stein P.D., Henry J.W.: Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism stratified according to their presenting syndromes. Chest 1997, 112: 974-979.
40. Punukollu H., Khan I.A., Punukollu G. et al.: Acute pulmonary embolism in elderly: clinical characteristic and outcome. Int. J. Cardiol. 2005, 99(2): 216-313.
41. Kelly J., Rudd A., Levis R.R. et al.: Plasma D-dimers in the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. Arch. Intern. Med. 2002, 162(7): 747-756.
42. Righini M., Le Gal G., Perrier A. et al.: The challenge of diagnosing pulmonary embolism in elderly patients: influence of age on commonly used diagnostic tests and strategies. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2005, 53(6): 1039-1045.
43. Levine M.N., Hirsh J., Landefeld S. et al.: Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment. Chest 1992, 102(4 supl.): 352-363.